Why internal temperature is the only reliable test
Colour, time, and texture all lie. A chicken breast can look cooked and still harbour *Salmonella*; a burger can brown before it's safe. The only way to know food has reached a safe temperature is to measure it with an instant-read thermometer in the thickest part.
Different foods need different targets. Whole cuts only carry bacteria on the surface, so a quick sear plus a 145°F (63°C) centre is enough. Grinding mixes surface bacteria all the way through, which is why ground beef needs 160°F (71°C) and all poultry needs 165°F (74°C).
Internal meat temperature chart (USDA safe minimums)
Here is the quick meat temperature chart most people come here for — the USDA safe minimum internal temperatures, in both °F and °C:
- Poultry — chicken, turkey, duck (whole, parts, or ground): 165°F / 74°C
- Ground meat — beef, pork, lamb, veal: 160°F / 71°C
- Beef, pork, lamb & veal — steaks, chops, roasts: 145°F / 63°C + 3-minute rest
- Pork — chops, roasts, tenderloin: 145°F / 63°C + rest (the old 160°F rule was lowered in 2011)
- Fish & shellfish: 145°F / 63°C, or until the flesh is opaque and flakes
- Eggs & egg dishes: 160°F / 71°C, or until yolk and white are firm
- Leftovers & casseroles: reheat to 165°F / 74°C
Use the searchable table at the top of the page for the full poultry, beef, pork, and fish cooking temperature chart — flip between °F and °C and find ham, sausage, game, shrimp, and stuffing too.
How to use a food thermometer
- Insert the probe into the thickest part, away from bone, fat, and gristle.
- For thin foods like burgers or fillets, insert from the side.
- Wait a few seconds for the reading to stabilise before trusting it.
- Clean the probe with hot soapy water between foods to avoid cross-contamination.
- Let whole cuts rest 3 minutes — the temperature keeps climbing and juices redistribute.
The temperature danger zone
Bacteria multiply fastest between 40°F and 140°F (4°C–60°C). Keep cold food below 40°F and hot food above 140°F, and never leave perishables in the danger zone for more than 2 hours (1 hour if it's above 90°F / 32°C). Reheat leftovers all the way to 165°F (74°C).
Safety temperatures vs cooking temperatures
Two different ideas share the word "temperature" in the kitchen. A safe internal temperature is a food-safety threshold — the point where heat has killed the bacteria that live in meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs. A cooking temperature (oven heat for roasting vegetables, oil heat for frying, the internal temp of a finished loaf, a sugar stage) is about *results*: texture, colour, and structure. Vegetables, bread, and sugar have no safety threshold — you cook them to taste. The tool above keeps the two clearly separated for exactly this reason.
Cooking times and temperatures: how they fit together
Temperature tells you *when food is done*; time tells you *how long to get there*. The two work together — roasting times depend on the weight and cut of the meat, so use the target temperatures above as your finish line and estimate the clock with the cooking time calculator. A thicker roast needs more time to reach the same safe internal temperature, which is why a thermometer always beats the timer.
Get the temperature, then nail the rest
Once you know the target temp, the rest of cooking is conversions and timing. Set the oven with the oven temperature converter, measure ingredients with the cooking measurement converter, and resize the dish with the recipe scaler. Or let Swoodie walk you through a recipe hands-free. See all of our free cooking & nutrition tools.
Temperatures follow USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service guidance for general use and are not a substitute for professional food-safety advice. When in doubt, cook hotter — or throw it out.
Frequently asked questions
What temperature should chicken be cooked to?
All poultry — chicken, turkey, and duck, whether whole, in parts, or ground — is safe at an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C). Measure in the thickest part, away from bone.
What is the safe internal temperature for beef and steak?
Whole cuts of beef, pork, lamb, and veal (steaks, chops, roasts) are safe at 145°F (63°C) followed by a 3-minute rest. Ground beef must reach a higher 160°F (71°C) because grinding spreads surface bacteria throughout the meat.
Is medium-rare steak safe to eat?
Medium-rare reads about 130–135°F (54–57°C), which is below the USDA-recommended minimum of 145°F. Many people eat whole-muscle steak at this temperature, but it carries higher risk and should be avoided by pregnant people, young children, older adults, and anyone immunocompromised.
What is the temperature danger zone?
The danger zone is 40°F to 140°F (4°C to 60°C) — the range where bacteria multiply fastest. Don't leave perishable food in this range for more than 2 hours (1 hour above 90°F / 32°C). Keep cold food cold and hot food hot.
Where do I put the meat thermometer?
Insert the probe into the thickest part of the food, away from bone, fat, and gristle, which can give a falsely high reading. For thin items, insert from the side. Wait a few seconds for the reading to stabilise.
What temperature should I roast vegetables at?
Most vegetables roast best at 425°F (220°C) — hot enough to caramelise the edges without drying them out. This is a cooking-results temperature, not a safety one: vegetables don't carry the pathogens meat does, so cook them to the texture you like.
What temperature should oil be for deep frying?
Most deep-frying happens between 350°F and 375°F (175–190°C). Too cool and the food absorbs oil and turns greasy; too hot and the outside burns before the inside cooks. Use a thermometer and let the oil recover between batches.
What is the safe internal temperature for pork?
Pork chops, roasts, and tenderloin are safe at 145°F (63°C) followed by a 3-minute rest — the USDA lowered the old 160°F recommendation in 2011, so a little pink in the centre is fine. Ground pork and fresh (raw) sausage still need 160°F (71°C), and pre-cooked ham should be reheated to 140°F (60°C).
What temperature should fish be cooked to?
Fin fish is safe at an internal temperature of 145°F (63°C), or when the flesh turns opaque and flakes easily with a fork. Shrimp, lobster, crab, and scallops are done when the flesh is pearly and firm rather than translucent.
Is there a full meat temperature chart for every food?
Yes — the searchable table at the top of this page is a complete internal temperature chart covering poultry, beef, pork, lamb, veal, ground meat, game, sausage, ham, fish, shellfish, eggs, and leftovers, with USDA safe minimums shown in both °F and °C. Search any food or scroll the grouped chart.